Review of Scoring Rubric

Disclosure to Debacle Essay Presentation: The outgrowth of the monoclonal antibodies as regulative T cell activators raised an extraordinary passion among research laborers to create them as intense go-betweens for immunotherapy. Albeit a considerable lot of these monoclonal antibodies have been promoted for the mediation of grouped maladies [ 1 ] ( Bhogal, 2007 ) , some of them couldn't make this completion because of their discontinuance in the clinical stages. One such model hypothetical record is TGN1412. TGN1412 is an IgG4 sort of monoclonal immune response which goes about as superagonist for CD28, a co-stimulatory receptor required for T-cell initiation. Since TGN1412 actuates the T cell without front initiation of the T cell antigen ( TCR ) receptor it was assigned as a superagonist [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) . In any case, the vision of utilizing TGN1412 as a mitigating specialist was slammed when it bombed in the primary proportion of the clinical surveies. The stage 1 clinical trial of this promising med ication rose to be a fiasco taking to perilous impacts in the voluntaries. This reappraisal centers around the find, presymptomatic turn of events and moral concerns identified with the medication and the potential missteps made during the period from its find to the ruin. All the above components had a falling outcome and contributed extraordinarily to the medication s disappointment. This disaster of TGN1412 requests the significant change in the current medication testing structure for the headway of the great beyond advancement of medications. Advancement: - To advance the initiation of immunosuppressive regulative T-cells, TeGenero, a German Pharmaceutical organization created TGN1412, an entirely acculturated monoclonal counter acting agent by protein innovation of the non-human species produced neutralizer ( mice immunizer ) to get belongingss explicit to universes. Protein innovation included the transportation of the integral deciding pieces of a mouse hostile to human CD28 ( 5.11.A1 ) immune response into human counter acting agent connection proteins got from Chinese hamster ovary ( CHO ) cells [ 1 ] ( Bhogal, 2007 ) . Autoreactive T-cells doing redness and autoimmunity against specific cells and natural structure tissues are kept in constant check by regulative T cells. Ordinary T cell actuation requires both the T cell receptor and CD28, a receptor protein on surface of T cells for its expansion and enactment [ 3 ] ( Vitetta, 2006 ) . Orchestrating to surveies directed by TeGenero, TGN1412 can trip the T cells all things considered and discharge cytokines by pointing an antigenic determinant of CD28, an incredibly moderated piece of CD cringle which is uncovered on the extracellular surface of T-cell layers, in this manner shortcircuiting the interest to T cell receptor particularity. With this expectation of stamp bringing down the invulnerable framework by initiation of regulative T cells, TGN1412 was created as a new treatment for immune system and incendiary sicknesses. In Rheumatoid Arthritis, an immune system illness, TGN1412 decreased the degrees of incendiary go-betweens by actuation of the T-cells. B-CLL, most regular kind of ceaseless leukemia is related with a high white platelet tally and moderate growth of an impossible to miss sort of B-cell. TGN1412 is useful in mediation of B-CLL by non just triping and energizing the developing of lymph cells however alongside elevating the antigen demonstrating capacity of B-cells related with the B-CLL. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) We will compose a custom article test on Discovery to Debacle explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Discovery to Debacle explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Discovery to Debacle explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer After complete turn of events, pre-clinical and lewd testing, TeGenero chose to proceed with first in human clinical test to quantify the security, averageness and pharmacokinetics of TGN1412 and manage its immunogenicity and impacts on T cells, B cells and on cytokine degrees in blood serum. For this purpose TeGenero enlisted Parexel, a different clinical test unit. The test convention put together by Parexel was approved by Medical wellbeing regulative agency ( MHRA ) on 27th January 2006 affirmed by Medical Ethics commission on fourteenth February 2006. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) Stage 1 Clinical test disappointment: Harmonizing to the test convention planned, on 13 March 2006, the primary gathering of 6 voluntaries got a measurements of 0.1mg/kg on and was booked to have farther heightening portions more than three-week time frame. Be that as it may, the test turned ruinous and must be suspended when these voluntaries created cytokine discharge disorder with an unmanageable expansion in tissue cytokine focuses at long last taking to numerous organ disappointment. [ 4 ] ( Schraven, 2008 ) Preclinical: The test led by MHRA and the European governments after the clinical test expressed that there were no mix-ups in creation, planning and no signs of corrupt in the clump TGN1412 managed to the voluntaries [ 4 ] ( Schraven,2008 ) . To prevent such lethal occasions in future, the master bunches were enlisted by Secretary of the region for wellbeing to investigate the missteps taking to disappointment of the test. The presymptomatic surveies concerning the species decision, invitro and exvivo testing, proper portion decision and bodily surveies were focuses exposed to reevaluation. In-vitro testing: Sing the species decision, non human Primatess are most every now and again considered for the presymptomatic testing because of their nearby familial and pharmacological comparability to universes. In occurrence of TGN1412, Rhesus macaques and the cynomolgus monkeys were utilized as the hypothetical record for surveies on the balance that the 6 amino corrosive epitope on the C D circle of CD28 to which the medication seems to follow is entirely comparative and saved in both the macaques and the universes. [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) After cautious structuring of the TGN1412 dependent on the saved grouping of the non-human Primatess, it could put the recombinant human cells indicating CD28 with high following partiality. Particularity of TGN1412 for CD28 was affirmed with following surveies on the human cells demonstrating CD-28, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 ( CTLA-4 ) and the inducible co-trigger ( ICOS ) , in which TGN1412 did non uncover cross-reactivity with the CTLA-4 and ICOS with the way that both these proteins have high evaluation of amino-corrosive grouping homology with CD28. So as to assist synergize the species selectivity, following capacity of TGN1412 in the human, Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus monkeys and gnawers and marmoset T-cells was assessed. It was discovered that nanomolar convergence of TGN1412 could cling explicitly to human and Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus monkeys however non with marmoset and rat T-Cells because of contrast in the antigenic determinant of the marmoset and human CD2 8. In marmoset species, 2 of the amino acids out of 6 contrast when contrasted with rodent in which every one of the 6 amino acids are extraordinary, consequently affecting the official of the TGN1412 to CD28 of these species. All these surveies incited the exploration laborers to proceed with the surveies on the Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus macaques. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006, 2007 ) Alongside pre-prevailing look in human lien, CD28 is other than communicated in the lymphatic, respiratory, connective and female generative tissues. Despite the fact that being perceptive of this reality, the cross-reactivity surveies in cynomolgus monkeys were performed with restricted tissues non representing total tissue dispersion of TGN1412. In add-on to this, cross-reactivity was seen with the respiratory CD28 which was unexplained in the divert assessment of presymptomatic preliminaries since respiratory disfunction was seen in the voluntaries who took an interest in the test. [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) . In this way it was recommended that executing such surveies with more extensive variety of tissues would enormously aid the great beyond improvement of immunobiologics. In add-on to official and the cross responsiveness surveies, invitro preliminaries with human fringe blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) were performed for prognosticating the invivo explicitness and the species affectability for TGN1412 [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) . Since most maps of the antibodies are intervened by following of their Fc part to Fc receptor consolidating cells [ 4 ] ( Schraven,2008 ) , in-vitro preliminaries discovering particularity, with Fc immobilized TGN1412, which impersonated the Fc restricting were acted in cynomolgus monkeys and grown-up male, because of high evaluation of similitude in their arrangement homology of the Fc receptor. It showed that TGN1412 could excite the reaction simply when it was immobilized onto a surface, or coupled by means of immobilized Fc-explicit counter acting agent. Rather than the above outcomes, immobilization of TGN1412 in the cynomolgus monkeys did non demo its activity as a superagonist [ 5 ] ( Stebbings, 2009 ) . On the other h and it goes about as traditional CD28 agonist requiring T-cell receptor and CD28 initiation for T cell incitement or more all that it did non trip the cytokine creation as found in the voluntaries in the clinical tests [ 2 ] ( Bhogal, 2006 ) . Every one of these outcomes demonstrated hapless species decision for the presymptomatic preliminaries. Creature Trials: Pharmacokinetic and toxicological issues have been thought about in correspondence with lustful surveies. Pharmacokinetic examinations made during the near study of the TGN1412 with its variation TGN1112 in Macaca mulatta macaques, showed that after their IV removal, both the medications were available in the blood serum for 20 yearss, with the pinnacle grouping of the T-cells and no indicant of the expanded cytokine degrees. Because of the overestimate of these impacts in invitro surveies, 28 twenty-four hours surveies were acted in the cynomolgus monkeys. The half existence of TGN1412 in these surveies was seen as 8 yearss with a

The eNotes Blog Happy Birthday, ToniMorrison

Glad Birthday, ToniMorrison Today, February 18, denotes the 82nd birthday of Toni Morrison. Morrison was granted the Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for her novel Beloved.  She is the United States just living scholarly Nobel Prize victor (granted to her in 1993). Morrison was conceived  Chloe Wofford to average workers guardians in 1931. She experienced childhood in Lorain, Ohio and changed over to Catholicism at age twelve.  Her baptismal name was Anthony, which is the place Toni originates from; Morrison is her hitched name. In 1958, she wedded fellow Howard University teacher Harold Morrison. The couple had two kids yet separated in 1964. In the late 1960s while an educator at Howard, Morrison started composing with a casual gathering of companions. She built up her first story there about a dark young lady who yearned to have blue eyes. This story was the reason for her novel The Bluest Eye (1970).  Other books have appreciated both basic and well known achievement, including  Sula (nominated for a National Book Award in 1975), Song of Solomon (1977), Beloved (1987) and Jazz (1992). Morrison has been known as an author who has advanced our scholarly legacy over an existence of administration, or a corpus of work  and one whose  novels [are] described  by visionary power and lovely import [and] offer life to a basic part of American reality. Here are ten of the most essential lines from Morrisons worksâ and addresses: 1.  â€Å"Make up a story For our purpose and yours overlook your name in the road; mention to us what the world has been to you out of the loop places and in the light. Dont mention to us what to accept, what to fear. Give us convictions wide skirt and the fasten that unwinds fears caul.†Ã‚ ―  The Nobel Lecture In Literature, 1993 2.  â€Å"She is a companion of my brain. She accumulate me, man. The pieces I am, she assemble them and give them back to me in all the privilege order.†   Beloved 3.  â€Å"Dont ever think I succumbed to you, or fell over you. I didnt begin to look all starry eyed at, I rose in it.†  Jazz 4.  â€Å"I tell my understudies, When you land these positions that you have been so splendidly prepared for, simply recollect that your genuine activity is that in the event that you are free, you have to free another person. On the off chance that you have some force, at that point your main responsibility is to enable another person. This isn't only a snatch pack candy game.† 5.  â€Å"What distinction do it make if the thing you terrified of is genuine or not?†  Song of Solomonâ 6.  â€Å"In this nation American methods white. Every other person needs to hyphenate.† 7.  â€Å"Along with the possibility of sentimental love, she was acquainted with anotherphysical magnificence. Likely the most dangerous thoughts throughout the entire existence of human idea. Both began in envy, flourished in weakness, and finished in disillusion.†  The Bluest Eye 8.  â€Å"Love is or it aint. Slender love aint love at all.†  Beloved 9.  â€Å"Gimme abhor, Lord,† he whimpered. â€Å"I’ll take abhor quickly. In any case, don’t give me love. I can’t take no more love, Lord. I can’t convey itIt’s excessively substantial. Jesus, you know, You thoroughly understand it. Ain’t it substantial? Jesus? Ain’t love heavy?†  Song of Solomonâ 10.  â€Å"All heavens, all utopias are structured by who isn't there, by the individuals who are not permitted in.

Essay Writing Ideas That Students Will Love

Essay Writing Ideas That Students Will LoveWhen it comes to writing a middle school essay, you will need to choose the right topics for your topic and then write your essay based on that. This is a very important decision, as you want your middle school students to take your essay seriously.You also want them to be interested in what you are writing and interested in taking the essay seriously as well. It's easy to think about these things when you are first writing your essay but as your essay matures, you will find that it becomes a little more difficult. One of the most important things you need to remember when it comes to essay writing is that you should be able to stay focused.Writing an essay for middle school students can be a bit more difficult than it is for college or high school students. If you make your efforts known and show enthusiasm, then you can expect your students to take your essays very seriously.When you choose a topic for your essay, you must have a good unde rstanding of the subject matter. Most students don't read all of their texts, so having a good understanding of the topic will be very helpful. You should also have a good idea of the kind of tone you want to set in your writing.Don't assume that students will pay great attention to your ideas unless you give them all the tools they need to understand what you are trying to say. You should not try to read everything they have to say and take it personally if they don't take you seriously. By paying attention to their writing and your interests, you can begin to develop a rapport with them.There are many different kinds of essay writing that you can use including online middle school essay samples. One thing that you will want to keep in mind is that writing a middle school essay is just like writing any other essay. You want to be careful to not take things out of context because you may inadvertently use one idea and then turn it into something completely different.When it comes to getting started, it can be very hard to know what topic to choose for your middle school essay. Even if you feel that you are a good writer, you may still find that the topic you choose is not the best for your students. There are so many different kinds of topics that you will be able to use for your essays, so make sure that you read up on the topic you are going to use before you start writing your middle school essay.By using several different kinds of essay samples and different kinds of essays in your middle school essays, you can choose a topic that will interest your students. You can be creative and not just focus on going over the same material again. By taking some time to research the topic you choose, you will be able to be sure that your essay will be well received by your students.

Internal Controls And Internal Control - 1117 Words

Internal control plays an increasingly significant role in firms and many other organizations. Businesspeople, especially managers, pay more attention to internal control and its relationship with management (Krishnan, 2005). They tend to discover how internal control affects the operation of the companies. Although managers of some companies have doubts on the value of internal control, it directly helps managers to make open and effective management of the companies when designing, undertaking and optimizing their plans. The definition of internal control is presented in the first section. Then next section shows the importance of internal control, which mainly functions as risk assessment, effective communication and monitoring,†¦show more content†¦Risk assessment is the most basic function of internal control that helps companies to prevent risks. Risks are analyzed, considering possibility and influence, as a basis for determining how they should be dealt with, thus, t hose potential risks can be identified before financial losses occur (Feng et al., 2009). For example, a company purchases an advanced fire-prevention system including the smoke detectors and fire alarms. This control behavior can reduce the possibility of fire accidents that may destroy the company’s physical assets. Therefore, the system is worthwhile because it prevents the company suffering from the likelihood of fire and avoids financial losses. Internal control systems have been advocated as a mechanism for establishing high quality management (Altamuro et al., 2010). It is impossible to run companies without any risks. What managers need to do is to assess the possibility of the risk and take relevant measures to prevent it occurring. The model of risk assessment is applied to decide whether the control should be implemented. There is a tiny flaw of the internal control. From the example it can be seen that if the cost of purchasing the fire-prevention system surpasses the total value of the company assets, this kind of control will lose its significance. Internal control makes great contribution to reducing

Briggs-Rauscher Oscillating Color Change Reaction

The Briggs-Rauscher reaction, also known as the oscillating clock, is one of the most common demonstrations of a chemical oscillator reaction. The reaction begins when three colorless solutions are mixed together. The color of the resulting mixture will oscillate between clear, amber, and deep blue for about 3-5 minutes. The solution ends up as a blue-black mixture. Solution A Add 43 g potassium iodate (KIO3) to ~800 mL distilled water. Stir in 4.5 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Continue stirring until the potassium iodate is dissolved. Dilute to 1 L. Solution B Add 15.6 g malonic acid (HOOCCH2COOH) and 3.4 g manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4 . H2O) to ~800 mL distilled water. Add 4 g of vitex starch. Stir until dissolved. Dilute to 1 L. Solution C Dilute 400 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to 1 L. Materials 300 mL of each solution1 L beakerstirring platemagnetic stir bar Procedure Place the stirring bar into the large beaker.Pour 300 mL each of solutions A and B into the beaker.Turn on the stirring plate. Adjust the speed to produce a large vortex.Add 300 mL of solution C into the beaker. Be sure to add solution C after mixing solutions A B or else the demonstration will not work. Enjoy! Notes This demonstration evolves iodine. Wear safety goggles and gloves and perform the demonstration in a well-ventilated room, preferably under a ventilation hood. Use care when preparing the solutions, as the chemicals include strong irritants and oxidizing agents. Clean Up Neutralize the iodine by reducing it to iodide. Add ~10 g sodium thiosulfate to the mixture. Stir until the mixture becomes colorless. The reaction between iodine and thiosulfate is exothermic and the mixture may be hot. Once cool, the neutralized mixture may be washed down the drain with water. The Briggs-Rauscher Reaction IO3- 2 H2O2 CH2(CO2H)2 H -- ICH(CO2H)2 2 O2 3 H2O This reaction can be broken into two component reactions: IO3- 2 H2O2 H -- HOI 2 O2 2 H2O This reaction can occur by a radical process which is turned on when I- concentration is low, or by a nonradical process when the I- concentration is high. Both processes reduce iodate to hypoiodous acid. The radical process forms hypoiodous acid at a much faster rate than the nonradical process. The HOI product of the first component reaction is a reactant in the second component reaction: HOI CH2(CO2H)2 -- ICH(CO2H)2 H2O This reaction also consists of two component reactions: I- HOI H -- I2 H2O I2CH2(CO2H)2 -- ICH2(CO2H)2 H I- The amber color results from the production of the I2. The I2 forms because of the rapid production of HOI during the radical process. When the radical process is occurring, HOI is created faster than it can be consumed. Some of the HOI is used while excess is reduced by hydrogen peroxide to I-. The increasing I- concentration reaches a point at which the nonradical process takes over. However, the nonradical process does not produce HOI nearly as fast as the radical process, so the amber color begins to clear as I2 is consumed more quickly than it can be created. Eventually the I- concentration drops low enough for the radical process to restart so the cycle can repeat itself. The deep blue color is the result of the I- and I2 binding to the starch present in the solution.​ Source B. Z. Shakhashiri, 1985, Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, vol. 2, pp. 248-256.

Police Conduct A Search And Seizure At A Public School...

ISSUES 1. Can police conduct a search and seizure at a public school initiated by school officials? 2. Do police have authority to use a search warrant as grounds to enter and search for activity on tribal property? 3. Will evidence found outside the parameters of a warrant be admissible? 4. Are illegal substances permitted for religious Indian ceremonies? 5. Is there recovery for damages against police and prosecuting attorney for the irreplaceable destruction of religious artifacts during an illegal search on tribal property? BRIEF ANSWERS 1. Yes. The search must be reasonable according to New Jersey v TLO. 2. Yes. Since the act happened off-reservation, the state may conduct an investigation on tribal property. 3. Yes. Congress gave Indians this privilege after the Supreme Court case Employment Division v Smith. 4. Yes. Damages can be filed for in a civil suit. FACTS Songaa Weathers is a member of the Chippewa Indian tribe, residing on tribal reservation land in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. Songaa is a student at Mt. Pleasant High. On September 11th, 2015, her classroom was searched by a drug-sniffing dog and its handler. Everyone, including the teacher, was demanded to leave the room without taking any belongings, despite having asked to remain in the room. The search was conducted behind a closed door and pulled blinds. After the search, Songaa was pointed out in front of her peers as the owner of the seized bag. Songaa claimed the bag was not hers, and proceeded toShow MoreRelatedLabeling, Law, and Americas Drug Policy Essay3279 Words   |  14 Pagesstopped and searched by police during the investigation of a crime in the college town of Oneonta, NY. An elderly white woman was assaulted at knifepoint near the State University of New York College at Oneonta (SUCO) campus. The women described her assailant as an African American male who ma y have accidentally cut his hand during the attack. 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Competition And Business On Organizations -Myassignmenrthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competition And Business On Organizations? Answer: Introduction Nestle is a Swiss transnational company with its headquarters in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. Nestle deals in food and drinks industry and is one of the biggest in the world. Owning more than 2000 brands in 191 countries the company is employing more than 33,000+ employees. Nestle came in 1905 when Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle merged. During the First and Second World War, the company grew significantly expanding in other areas apart from initial offerings in condensed milk and infant products. Today, the company sells products as baby food, medical food, breakfast cereal, pet food, coffee tea, bottled water, frozen food, ice cream, confectionary. Today Twenty-Nine major brands of Nestle have annual sales of over $1.1 billion. We can date the origins back to the 1860s when in 1866 Charles (US counsel in Switzerland) and George Page, two brothers from the USA established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Cham, Switzerland. Around the same time in 1867, Henri Nestle in Vevey developed baby food based on milk. He later helped Daniel Peter in solving the problem of water from the milk chocolate he was trying to create and in 1879 they merged. Following that in 1877 Anglo-Swiss came with their milk-based baby foods and the following year saw Nestle company adding condensed milk to their product line. Thus, marketing them direct competitor (Nestle, 2013). Finally, in 1905 the two companies merged and carried the name Nestle and Anglo-Swiss until 1947 when they took on the name Nestle Alimentana SA after acquiring Fabrique de Produits Maggi SA (Founded 1884) and the holding company Alimentana SA. However, the current name Nestle was adopted in 1977. Nestl's main development model is that they acquire companies to expand their reach, but that model has its own risks involved. Nestle constantly works on improving its current product line, at the same time working on the development of new and improved products keeping in mind the global customer demands. Nestle Australia faces major competition from homegrown brands of Woolworths and Coles (Sa Vinhas and Heide, 2014). Marketing Environment Analysis The internal or microenvironment of Nestle shows us the internal strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat to the organization and SWOT analysis throw some light on those factors. STRENGTH WEAKNESS Worlds leading food and beverage company Diverse product range Research Development Corporate social responsibility Well established brands Inconsistent quality Negative publicity High cost of advertising OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Demand for healthier food Looking for new channels Increase in spending power Looking at new joint ventures Investing more in research and development Home grown brands Food contamination Cost wars Increasing price of raw materials Strength World's Leading Food and Beverage Company: Being a global leader and a company with worldwide hold Nestle has one of the widest product portfolios of food and beverages which is harder for a lot of other competitors to compete with. Diverse Product range: Having a global reach and hold allows Nestle to cater to the buyer's requirement varying from region to region or demographically. This helps in further enhancing the company's image and creates a steady and growing customer base (Moura et al., 2015). Research Development: With the resources and reach Nestle management strong focus on researching and developing new products as per the market requirement, year after year. In 2015 they spent nearly $2 billion on research and development (Ltkenhaus and de Freitas, 2016). Corporate Social Responsibilities: Not only does nestle focus on its products and profits but it also actively works towards the betterment of the society it operates in. They also look for ways to improve how the products are made to ensure less wastage (Hunt, 2014). Well Established Brands: Nestle owns some of the world's most renowned, trusted and widely accepted brands which ensure that the company has edge over most of the competitors (OLeary and Spangler, 2016). Weakness Inconsistent quality: Time and again nestle has failed to provide a uniform quality of its products in and out of Australia. There have been a lot of recalls throughout the product line (Patrizia and Gianluca, 2013). Negative publicity: Due to the recalls and the past negativity regarding the baby milk scandal nestle has its own share of negative relations with a large customer base, even till date. High advertisement cost: Nestle goes to great length in terms of advertising to ensure public awareness about its products and what it is doing. This does help the company and at the same time advertising being necessary, it does incur high costs on the company. Opportunities Demand for healthier foods: Nestle already working in the health food sector can expand further as now a day's every second individual is changing the food habits and making sure they eat healthy. Looking for new channels: E-commerce being global phenomena can open new ways for nestle to reach faster and at the same time keeping the cost less than the traditional means. Increase in spending power: With growing purchasing power of the individuals and even youngsters company has the opportunity to cater to a wide array of customers than it could a few years back. Looking at new joint ventures: Nestle can further strengthen its reach by forming new joint ventures with other chain stores than it already has to ensure that no stone is left unturned. Invest more in research and development: Nestle spends only 1.5-2% of its total sales on research and development. In order to gain an edge over the competition and new emerging players, it can increase the investment to ensure ahead in the industry. Threats Homegrown brand: Chains such as Woolworths, Aldi and Coles are increasing and pushing their own brands into the market creating a challenge for nestle in the market. Food contamination: Despite being global brands with quality checks, every now and then nestle does come up with issues relating to food contamination. This ends up hurting the trust of the customers and the brand image of the company (Prince, 2015). Cost wars: The new and emerging local suppliers are fighting cost wars with major players like Nestle and today when prices greatly affect the purchasing decision of the customer. This forces the company to cut down the prices or face the risk of being out of the game in a longer run (Saluja and Mahajan, 2017). Increasing price of the raw materials: The prices of the raw materials used to produce the products have been rising steadily and thus companies pay a large amount to source these products from the producers. External Analysis The external marketing environment for nestle Australia can broadly be classified into four parts. Political Environment Economic Environment Social Environment Technological Environment POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: The various factors under this would be various employment laws, government regulations for foreign companies, tax on raw materials imported, etc. Bringing in a new product would not be so tough in Australia due to the political stability. However, in recent times we have seen many changes in regulations regarding the food standards (Krafft et al., 2015). ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT: With the increase in the buying power of the consumers it is becoming favorable for companies to sell their product. But the consumers have also become cost conscious and we have seen a change in the consumer budgets. Keeping in mind all these things nestle spends a considerable amount in redesigning and innovating new products for the Australian market (Peck et al., 2013). SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: We have seen an increase in consumer's inclination towards eating healthy and thus increasing the requirement and demand for healthier food products. This provides nestle with new opportunity to diversify its line up but at the same time, the challenge arises of improving or managing the currently available products. Also, change in lifestyle, consumer behavior and the culture also needs to be taken into account (Crane et al., 2014). TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: The fast-growing and ever-changing technology do pose a lot of challenges from the competitors may it be in terms of customer approach, reaching out to the mass, advertising or even distribution. Also, nestle has suffered challenges with its quality control every now and then and the seal of guarantee initiative is an amazing way to which the company has tackled the situation (Dunning, 2014). Recommendation After thorough analysis and in-depth study of the Nestle products currently available in Australia and how the market is evolving, we would recommend a new beverage, an energy drink. The Australia energy drink market is worth $1.2 billion and increasing with V drink being the market leader and Redbull right behind it. Also, Coca-Cola Amatil has secured a 20-year contract for Monster energy drink. Studies show that the Australian energy drink market has been growing between 6 to 7 percent ever since 2010. Nestle however, is nowhere close to the major players as of now. The profit margins are higher in energy drinks as compared to carbonated soft drinks (Lusch and Vargo, 2014). Target Market The new energy drink will be focusing on youth and adults, both male and female consumers as they are the largest consumer of energy drinks globally and even in Australia. The estimated population of Australia is about 24,500,000+ with almost 89.01% of the population living in urban areas making it convenient for the companies to market and distribute their products to a large mass (Zeng, 2017). The youth and working-age population (15-64) is about 66.9% and our main target will be (15-54) 55.1% of that population. That does not mean that the remaining 11.8 % (55-64) would not be consuming the product but the major focus will be on the other 55.1%. New Product Description As discussed earlier that our new product will be an energy drink targeted at the youth and working class. Today energy drinks have been associated with various sports, adventures, day to day activities etc. This gives us a wide array of a consumer base to cover. The product will be named as FROOST. It will be a fruit-based natural energy drink and hence fruit and boost combine to form froost. Knowing that the trend today is shifting towards healthy eating and drinking habits we have decided to go with more natural and healthy form of energy drink rather than the conventional artificial ones. Initially, we will launch the drink with 4 flavors Grapefruit, kiwi, strawberry, blackberry and pomegranate. There will be one artificial energy drink and one sugar-free version. There will be various flavors and options available to choose from. The number one energy drink seller V drinks have just 1 natural energy drink and the rest are artificial and coffee based. This will give us an opportunity to attract those who are looking for healthier ways to keep themselves energized throughout the day. It is seen that there will be conventional energy drinks with and without sugar. Froost is a fruit-based energy drink with 4 natural flavors, grapefruit, kiwi strawberry, blackberry and pomegranate and two artificial ones. We will be launching one standard size for all the products i.e. 250 ml There are two pricing methods we can opt for, the cost-based pricing and going rate pricing. For the fruit energy drinks, we will be using that cost-based pricing. We will calculate the price by adding markup to the overall cost of the product. The other two energy drinks, however, will be on going rate price. After studying the current prices being offered by the competition we will try and keep it a bit lower than their prices in the initial stage so the more customers can be attracted (Qiao, 2017). Initially, we will be targeting the customers in the large urban areas. Nestle already has a well-established distribution channel that will play a crucial role in the placement of the products. We will ensure availability not only in hypermarkets like Woolworths, Coles, and Aldi but also in various supermarket chains like Seven Eleven. Various cafe chains and local outlets will also be our target as a lot of young people spend a significant amount of time there (Orel and Kara, 2014). Being an energy drink we will be ensuring to tie up and make available our energy drink at adventure sports events and other sports facilities in order to engage customer involvement at the very beginning (Porter et al., 2011). Having our target audience ranging from 15-54 we will be promoting the product in more than one manner ensuring engagement of all demographics of the population. In order to cater to the youth and young people (15-30), we will be coming up with sports events of our own or sponsored where we will be handing out free trial samples at the same time 5-10% discount on purchases made there (Payaud, 2014). For the working class population we will ensure that the newspapers, radio, and social networking sites are also covered emphasizing on the advantages of the drink and how it can help them in their day to day working and hectic lifestyle. There will be bundle packaging available for the entire week so that they can just shop once a week and have availability throughout. Conclusion Nestle being a global leader has the tools and resources it needs. In Australia, Nestle has been capturing more and more grounds as each year passes by. Sure there is some competition coming in from chain stores or local start-ups. However, Nestle has long been into acquisitions and mergers, so it should not be that big problem for them to acquire some new start-up they find to be beneficial for their business growth. They should, however, focus more on ensuring a steady quality delivery of their food and beverage products as in today's socially connected world a small mishap can lead to a great damage to the brand as a whole. They also need to keep in mind the changing trends regarding the consumer habits and start moving more towards healthier options of the current products that they have, before other companies make the big move. Past allegations have hurt Nestl's name a lot and so nestle Australia should ensure to actively take part and ensure that it fulfills its corporate social responsibility to strengthen the trust in the public. It should research and develop new manufacturing ways which do little or no harm to the natural resources and to the environment as a whole. The diversification into energy drinks as suggested in the report will help the company to cater the still untapped customer's segment which right now looks for other options. 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